Traditional art forms handed down over centuries have played a crucial role in enriching the cultural landscape of Kerala. More than just entertainment, they mark the social and religious histories of each region. Keralite arts are mainly divided into three branches: classical arts (for example, those with structured rules like Kathakali and Mohiniyattam), temple arts (those performed only within the temple walls like Kootiyattam), and folk arts (those related to the rituals of local communities like Theyyam and Poorakali). Among these three categories, the most important art forms that have captured the attention of art lovers from all over the world and that evoke the unique identity of Kerala are given below.
Kathakali
Kathakali, known as the ‘king of arts’, is a world-famous classical dance form of Kerala. This art form, which originated in the 17th century, is a fusion of dance, music, acting, gestures, and costumes (decoration). In Kathakali, which is based on mythological stories, the characters are decorated with various colors such as green, black, beard, black, and white according to their nature.
Mohiniyattam
Mohiniyattam is a unique classical dance form of Kerala. It gets its name from the word ‘Mohini’. Known for its lasyabhava (gentle appearance) and beauty, this dance form is considered a fusion of Bharatanatyam and Kathakali. The white or light golden colored costumes and simple movements are the characteristics of this art form.
Theyyam
Theyyam is an important ritual art form of North Kerala (mainly Kannur and Kasaragod districts). Theyyam is derived from the word ‘God’. This art form, performed to please gods and heroes, is notable for its unique rituals, strange costumes, and facial expressions. The main ceremony here is the Arulapad, where theyyam sticks are swung and blessings are bestowed upon the devotees.
Koodiyattam
Koodiyattam is one of the oldest classical performing arts of Kerala. UNESCO has declared it as an invaluable heritage art form of the world. It is traditionally performed by the Chakyar community. This art form, which is performed in the koothambalams of temples, gives great importance to dialogues, gestures, and acting based on Sanskrit plays.
Kalaripayattu
Kalaripayattu is one of the oldest martial arts in the world. This art form, practiced at a training center called ‘Kalari’, emphasizes body flexibility, weapon use, and martial arts. Kalaripayattu has a great place in the socio-political history of Kerala.
Ottamthullal
This art form, created by Kunchan Nambiar in the 18th century, is one that makes social criticism through simple humor and satire that is understandable to the common people. In Ottamthullal, a one-man performance, costumes similar to those of Kathakali are worn. The ‘mizhavu’ is the main instrument.
Thirayattam
Thirayattam is an important ritual art form performed in the kavas and temples of the Malabar region. Although similar to Theyyam, it has its own unique costumes and rituals. This art form, which worships mother deities and heroes, is mostly found in the districts of Kozhikode and Malappuram.
The major traditional art forms of Kerala are: Kathakali, Mohiniyattam, Theyyam, Koodiyattam, Kalaripayattu, Ottamthullal, Thirayattam. In addition, many regional art forms such as Krishnanattam, Chakyar Koothu, Poorakali, Margakali are also part of Kerala’s heritage.